![]() These algorithms, however, are often used as black-box optimizers, as practical explanations of their strengths and weaknesses are hard to come by. lasagne's, caffe's, and keras' documentation). At the same time, every state-of-the-art Deep Learning library contains implementations of various algorithms to optimize gradient descent (e.g. Gradient descent is one of the most popular algorithms to perform optimization and by far the most common way to optimize neural networks. Additional strategies for optimizing SGD.Gradient descent optimization algorithms.The discussion provides some interesting pointers to related work and other techniques. Update 21.06.16: This post was posted to Hacker News. Update : Added derivations of AdaMax and Nadam. Update : Most of the content in this article is now also available as slides. Update : Added a note on recent optimizers. Note: If you are looking for a review paper, this blog post is also available as an article on arXiv. ![]() There is a need both to examine the immediate effects of sound exposure and the longer-term effects, in terms of fitness and likely impacts upon populations.This post explores how many of the most popular gradient-based optimization algorithms actually work. Further research is required on the responses of a range of fish species to different sound sources, under different conditions. ![]() It is also made clear that there are currently so many information gaps that it is almost impossible to reach clear conclusions on the nature and levels of anthropogenic sounds that have potential to cause changes in animal behaviour, or even result in physical harm. Most importantly, the paper provides the most complete summary of the effects of anthropogenic noise on fishes to date. This is followed by an overview of what is known about effects of anthropogenic sounds on fishes and considers the current guidelines and criteria being used world-wide to assess potential effects on fishes. The paper then provides background material on fish hearing, sound production and acoustic behaviour. However, assuming that many readers may not have a background in fish bioacoustics, the paper first provides information on underwater acoustics, with a focus on introducing the very important concept of particle motion, the primary acoustic stimulus for all fishes, including elasmobranchs. The intent of this paper is to review the potential effects of anthropogenic sounds upon fishes, the potential consequences for populations and ecosystems and the need to develop sound exposure criteria and relevant regulations. However, anthropogenic sounds at lower levels may result in temporary hearing impairment, physiological changes including stress effects, changes in behaviour or the masking of biologically important sounds. Anthropogenic sounds may be sufficiently intense to result in death or mortal injury. These anthropogenic sounds are from a wide range of sources that include shipping, sonars, construction activities ( e.g., wind farms, harbours), trawling, dredging and exploration for oil and gas. Since the onset of the Industrial Revolution, there has been a growing increase in the noise that humans put into the water. Thus, anything that interferes with the ability of a fish to detect and respond to biologically relevant sounds can decrease survival and fitness of individuals and populations. Sound is used for communication between fishes, mating behaviour, the detection of prey and predators, orientation and migration and habitat selection. This information is in all three spatial dimensions, often overcoming the limitations of other senses such as vision, touch, taste and smell. Of the various senses, hearing plays a particularly important role for fishes in providing information, often from great distances, from all around these animals. Fishes use a variety of sensory systems to learn about their environments and to communicate.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |